Phenotypes associated with the disease Multiple system atrophy (ORPHA:102):
- Gaze-evoked nystagmus (HP:0000640): Nystagmus made apparent by looking to the right or to the left. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Dysarthria (HP:0001260): Dysarthric speech is a general description referring to a neurological speech disorder characterized by poor articulation. Depending on the involved neurological structures, dysarthria may be further classified as spastic, flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic, or mixed. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Parkinsonism (HP:0001300): Characteristic neurologic anomaly resulting from degeneration of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra, a region of the midbrain, characterized clinically by shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with walking and gait. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Constipation (HP:0002019): Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Rigidity (HP:0002063): Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from muscle spasticity. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Gait ataxia (HP:0002066): A type of ataxia characterized by the impairment of the ability to coordinate the movements required for normal walking. Gait ataxia is characteirzed by a wide-based staggering gait with a tendency to fall. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Bradykinesia (HP:0002067): Bradykinesia literally means slow movement, and is used clinically to denote a slowness in the execution of movement (in contrast to hypokinesia, which is used to refer to slowness in the initiation of movement). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Progressive cerebellar ataxia (HP:0002073). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Postural instability (HP:0002172): A tendency to fall or the inability to keep oneself from falling; imbalance. The retropulsion test is widely regarded as the gold standard to evaluate postural instability, Use of the retropulsion test includes a rapid balance perturbation in the backward direction, and the number of balance correcting steps (or total absence thereof) is used to rate the degree of postural instability. Healthy subjects correct such perturbations with either one or two large steps, or without taking any steps, hinging rapidly at the hips while swinging the arms forward as a counterweight. In patients with balance impairment, balance correcting steps are often too small, forcing patients to take more than two steps. Taking three or more steps is generally considered to be abnormal, and taking more than five steps is regarded as being clearly abnormal. Markedly affected patients continue to step backward without ever regaining their balance and must be caught by the examiner (this would be called true retropulsion). Even more severely affected patients fail to correct entirely, and fall backward like a pushed toy soldier, without taking any corrective steps. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Postural tremor (HP:0002174): A type of tremors that is triggered by holding a limb in a fixed position. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Orofacial dyskinesia (HP:0002310). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Resting tremor (HP:0002322): A resting tremor occurs when muscles are at rest and becomes less noticeable or disappears when the affected muscles are moved. Resting tremors are often slow and coarse. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Frequent falls (HP:0002359). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Abnormal rapid eye movement sleep (HP:0002494): Abnormality of REM Sleep are phases of REM sleep are characterized by desynchronized EEG patterns, increases in heart rate and blood pressure, sympathetic activation, and a profound loss of muscle tone except for the eye and middle-ear muscles. There are also phases of rapid eye movements. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Axial dystonia (HP:0002530): A type of dystonia that affects the midline muscles, i.e., the chest, abdominal, and back muscles. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Orthostatic hypotension due to autonomic dysfunction (HP:0004926). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Autonomic bladder dysfunction (HP:0005341): Abnormal bladder function (increased urge or frequency of urination or urge incontinence) resulting from abnormal functioning of the autonomic nervous system. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Abnormal pyramidal sign (HP:0007256): Functional neurological abnormalities related to dysfunction of the pyramidal tract. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Autonomic erectile dysfunction (HP:0008652): Impotence (inability to develop or maintain an erection) resulting from abnormal functioning of the autonomic nervous system. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Stridor (HP:0010307): Stridor is a high pitched sound resulting from turbulent air flow in the upper airway. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Central sleep apnea (HP:0010536): Sleep apnea results from a temporary loss of the central drive to the muscles responsible for breathing. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Abnormal brain FDG positron emission tomography (HP:0012658): An anomaly detectable in [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) brain scans. Glucose uptake measured with FDG-PET is a marker of neuronal metabolic activity. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Orthostatic syncope (HP:0012670): Syncope following a quick change in position from lying down to standing. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Female anorgasmia (HP:0030015): The persistent of recurrent difficulty, delay in, or absence of attaining orgasm following sufficient sexual stimulation and arousal. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Raynaud phenomenon (HP:0030880). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Camptocormia (HP:0100595): An abnormal forward-flexed posture e.g. forward flexion of the spine, which is noticeable when standing or walking but disappears when lying down. It is becoming an increasingly recognized feature of Parkinson's disease and dystonic disorders. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)
- Abnormal autonomic nervous system physiology (HP:0012332): A functional abnormality of the autonomic nervous system. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:102)