Phenotypes associated with the disease Alternating hemiplegia of childhood (ORPHA:2131):
- Gastrointestinal dysmotility (HP:0002579): Abnormal intestinal contractions, such as spasms and intestinal paralysis, related to the loss of the ability of the gut to coordinate muscular activity because of endogenous or exogenous causes. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Very frequent (HP:0040281). (ORPHA:2131)
- Abnormality of the gastrointestinal tract (HP:0011024): An abnormality of the gastrointestinal tract. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Very frequent (HP:0040281). (ORPHA:2131)
- Episodic hemiplegia (HP:0012194): Transient episodes of weakness of the arm, leg, and in some cases the face on one side of the body. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Very frequent (HP:0040281). (ORPHA:2131)
- Esotropia (HP:0000565): A form of strabismus with one or both eyes turned inward ('crossed') to a relatively severe degree, usually defined as 10 diopters or more. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Exotropia (HP:0000577): A form of strabismus with one or both eyes deviated outward. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Nystagmus (HP:0000639): Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes related to abnormality in fixation, conjugate gaze, or vestibular mechanisms. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Atypical behavior (HP:0000708): Atypical behavior is an abnormality in a person's actions that can be controlled or modulated by the will of the individual. While abnormal behaviors can be difficult to control, they are distinct from other abnormal actions that cannot be affected by the individual's will. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Delayed speech and language development (HP:0000750): A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Pallor (HP:0000980): Abnormally pale skin. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Intellectual disability (HP:0001249): The term intellectual disability or intellectual developmental disorder is used to describe significantly sub-average intellectual and adaptive functioning based on clinical assessment and as measured by individually administered, appropriately normed, standardized and validated tests of intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, with onset during the developmental period from infancy through adolescence. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Seizure (HP:0001250): A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Ataxia (HP:0001251): Ataxia refers to impaired coordination of voluntary muscle movement. Cerebellar ataxia refers to ataxia due to dysfunction of the cerebellum. This causes a variety of elementary neurological deficits including asynergy (lack of coordination between muscles, limbs and joints), dysmetria (lack of ability to judge distances that can lead to under- or overshoot in grasping movements), and dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform rapid movements requiring antagonizing muscle groups to be switched on and off repeatedly). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Dystonia (HP:0001332): An abnormally increased muscular tone that causes fixed abnormal postures. There is a slow, intermittent twisting motion that leads to exaggerated turning and posture of the extremities and trunk. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Failure to thrive (HP:0001508): Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to a child whose physical growth is substantially below the norm. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Vomiting (HP:0002013): Forceful ejection of the contents of the stomach through the mouth by means of a series of involuntary spasmic contractions. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Diarrhea (HP:0002014): Abnormally increased frequency (usually defined as three or more) loose or watery bowel movements a day. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Dysphagia (HP:0002015): Difficulty in swallowing. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Constipation (HP:0002019): Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Anorexia (HP:0002039): Lack of desire to eat (loss of appetite). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Tetraparesis (HP:0002273): Weakness of all four limbs. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Abdominal distention (HP:0003270): Distention of the abdomen. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Mydriasis (HP:0011499): Abnormal dilatation of the iris. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Abnormal autonomic nervous system physiology (HP:0012332): A functional abnormality of the autonomic nervous system. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Abnormal involuntary eye movements (HP:0012547): Anomalous movements of the eyes that occur without the subject wanting them to happen. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Neurodevelopmental delay (HP:0012758): Neurodevelopmental delay (NDD) refers to delays in the maturation of the brain and central nervous system; infants and young children with NDD may experience delays in the development of one or more skills including gross motor abilities, fine-motor coordination, language abilities and ability to solve increasingly complex problems. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Flushing (HP:0031284): Recurrent episodes of redness of the skin together with a sensation of warmth or burning of the affected areas of skin. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Oral-pharyngeal dysphagia (HP:0200136). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:2131)
- Facial hypotonia (HP:0000297): Reduced muscle tone of a muscle that is innervated by the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- High forehead (HP:0000348): An abnormally increased height of the forehead. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Oculomotor apraxia (HP:0000657): Ocular motor apraxia is a deficiency in voluntary, horizontal, lateral, fast eye movements (saccades) with retention of slow pursuit movements. The inability to follow objects visually is often compensated by head movements. There may be decreased smooth pursuit, and cancelation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Emotional lability (HP:0000712): Unstable emotional experiences and frequent mood changes; emotions that are easily aroused, intense, and/or disproportionate to events and circumstances. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Aggressive behavior (HP:0000718): Behavior or an act aimed at harming a person, animal, or physical property (e.g., acts of physical violence; shouting, swearing, and using harsh language; slashing someone's tires). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Hyperhidrosis (HP:0000975): Abnormal excessive perspiration (sweating) despite the lack of appropriate stimuli like hot and humid weather. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Hypotonia (HP:0001252): Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Dysarthria (HP:0001260): Dysarthric speech is a general description referring to a neurological speech disorder characterized by poor articulation. Depending on the involved neurological structures, dysarthria may be further classified as spastic, flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic, or mixed. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Choreoathetosis (HP:0001266): Involuntary movements characterized by both athetosis (inability to sustain muscles in a fixed position) and chorea (widespread jerky arrhythmic movements). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Areflexia (HP:0001284): Absence of neurologic reflexes such as the knee-jerk reaction. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Tremor (HP:0001337): An unintentional, oscillating to-and-fro muscle movement about a joint axis. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Hyperreflexia (HP:0001347): Hyperreflexia is the presence of hyperactive stretch reflexes of the muscles. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Dehydration (HP:0001944). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Rigidity (HP:0002063): Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from muscle spasticity. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure (HP:0002069): A bilateral tonic-clonic seizure is a seizure defined by a tonic (bilateral increased tone, lasting seconds to minutes) and then a clonic (bilateral sustained rhythmic jerking) phase. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Chorea (HP:0002072): Chorea (Greek for 'dance') refers to widespread arrhythmic involuntary movements of a forcible, jerky and restless fashion. It is a random-appearing sequence of one or more discrete involuntary movements or movement fragments. Movements appear random because of variability in timing, duration or location. Each movement may have a distinct start and end. However, movements may be strung together and thus may appear to flow randomly from one muscle group to another. Chorea can involve the trunk, neck, face, tongue, and extremities. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Respiratory distress (HP:0002098): Respiratory distress is objectively observable as the physical or emotional consequences from the experience of dyspnea. The physical presentation of respiratory distress is generally referred to as labored breathing, while the sensation of respiratory distress is called shortness of breath or dyspnea. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Apnea (HP:0002104): Lack of breathing with no movement of the respiratory muscles and no exchange of air in the lungs. This term refers to a disposition to have recurrent episodes of apnea rather than to a single event. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Status epilepticus (HP:0002133): Status epilepticus is a type of prolonged seizure resulting either from the failure of the mechanisms responsible for seizure termination or from the initiation of mechanisms which lead to abnormally prolonged seizures (after time point t1). It is a condition that can have long-term consequences (after time point t2), including neuronal death, neuronal injury, and alteration of neuronal networks, depending on the type and duration of seizures. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Exaggerated cupid's bow (HP:0002263): More pronounced paramedian peaks and median notch of the Cupid's bow. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Headache (HP:0002315): Cephalgia, or pain sensed in various parts of the head, not confined to the area of distribution of any nerve. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Progressive neurologic deterioration (HP:0002344). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Bulbar signs (HP:0002483). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Downturned corners of mouth (HP:0002714): A morphological abnormality of the mouth in which the angle of the mouth is downturned. The oral commissures are positioned inferior to the midline labial fissure. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Aspiration (HP:0002835): Inspiration of a foreign object into the airway. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Abnormal T-wave (HP:0005135): An abnormality of the T wave on the electrocardiogram, which mainly represents the repolarization of the ventricles. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Paroxysmal dyskinesia (HP:0007166): Episodic bouts of involuntary movements with dystonic, choreic, ballistic movements, or a combination thereof. There is no loss of consciousness during the attacks. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Abnormal pyramidal sign (HP:0007256): Functional neurological abnormalities related to dysfunction of the pyramidal tract. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Focal motor seizure (HP:0011153): A type of focal-onset seizure characterized by a motor sign as its initial semiological manifestation. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Cardiac conduction abnormality (HP:0031546): Any anomaly of the progression of electrical impulses through the heart. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Ocular flutter (HP:0031931): Ocular flutter is an abnormal eye movement consisting of repetitive, irregular, involuntary bursts of horizontal saccades without an intersaccadic interval. It is generally superimposed on normal oculomotor behavior and its occurrence may be favored by various events, such as blinks, the triggering of normal saccades or optokinetic stimulation. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Skewfoot (HP:0032649): A type of flat-foot characterized by hindfoot abductovalgus, metatarsus adductus, and Achilles tendon shortening. The predominant radiographic findings include forefoot adduction with lateral subluxation of the navicular on the talus and heel valgus. Very abnormal shoe wear is noted on the medial side. Calluses occur under the metatarsal heads and the head of the plantar-flexed talus. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Thin eyebrow (HP:0045074): Decreased diameter of eyebrow hairs. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Impulsivity (HP:0100710): Acting on the spur of the moment or on a momentary basis without consideration of outcomes; having difficulty establishing or following plans; experiencing a sense of urgency and engaging in behavior that is uninhibited, cannot be inhibited, and is uncontrolled. The possibility of repression is inconceivable. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:2131)
- Cardiomyopathy (HP:0001638): A myocardial disorder in which the heart muscle is structurally and functionally abnormal, in the absence of coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular disease and congenital heart disease sufficient to cause the observed myocardial abnormality. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Very rare (HP:0040284). (ORPHA:2131)
- Arrhythmia (HP:0011675): Any cardiac rhythm other than the normal sinus rhythm. Such a rhythm may be either of sinus or ectopic origin and either regular or irregular. An arrhythmia may be due to a disturbance in impulse formation or conduction or both. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Very rare (HP:0040284). (ORPHA:2131)
Not associated with this disease:
- EEG abnormality (HP:0002353): Abnormality observed by electroencephalogram (EEG), which is used to record of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp. Evidence: TAS. (ORPHA:2131)
- Brain imaging abnormality (HP:0410263): An anomaly of metabolism or structure of the brain identified by imaging. Evidence: TAS. (ORPHA:2131)