- Parkinsonism (HP:0001300): Characteristic neurologic anomaly resulting from degeneration of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra, a region of the midbrain, characterized clinically by shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with walking and gait. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Very frequent (HP:0040281). (ORPHA:97355)
- Rigidity (HP:0002063): Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from muscle spasticity. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Very frequent (HP:0040281). (ORPHA:97355)
- Bradykinesia (HP:0002067): Bradykinesia literally means slow movement, and is used clinically to denote a slowness in the execution of movement (in contrast to hypokinesia, which is used to refer to slowness in the initiation of movement). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Very frequent (HP:0040281). (ORPHA:97355)
- Vertical supranuclear gaze palsy (HP:0000511): A supranuclear gaze palsy is an inability to look in a vertical direction as a result of cerebral impairment. There is a loss of the voluntary aspect of eye movements, but, as the brainstem is still intact, all the reflex conjugate eye movements are normal. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- Hypometric saccades (HP:0000571): Saccadic undershoot, i.e., a saccadic eye movement that has less than the magnitude that would be required to gain fixation of the object. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- Dementia (HP:0000726): A loss of global cognitive ability of sufficient amount to interfere with normal social or occupational function. Dementia represents a loss of previously present cognitive abilities, generally in adults, and can affect memory, thinking, language, judgment, and behavior. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- Frontal lobe dementia (HP:0000727). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- Hallucinations (HP:0000738): Perceptions in a conscious and awake state that, in the absence of external stimuli, have qualities of real perception. These perceptions are vivid, substantial, and located in external objective space. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- Orthostatic hypotension (HP:0001278): A form of hypotension characterized by a sudden fall in blood pressure that occurs when a person assumes a standing position. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- Dystonia (HP:0001332): An abnormally increased muscular tone that causes fixed abnormal postures. There is a slow, intermittent twisting motion that leads to exaggerated turning and posture of the extremities and trunk. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- Myoclonus (HP:0001336): Very brief, involuntary random muscular contractions occurring at rest, in response to sensory stimuli, or accompanying voluntary movements. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- Ventriculomegaly (HP:0002119): An increase in size of the ventricular system of the brain. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- Cerebral cortical atrophy (HP:0002120): Atrophy of the cortex of the cerebrum. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- Postural instability (HP:0002172): A tendency to fall or the inability to keep oneself from falling; imbalance. The retropulsion test is widely regarded as the gold standard to evaluate postural instability, Use of the retropulsion test includes a rapid balance perturbation in the backward direction, and the number of balance correcting steps (or total absence thereof) is used to rate the degree of postural instability. Healthy subjects correct such perturbations with either one or two large steps, or without taking any steps, hinging rapidly at the hips while swinging the arms forward as a counterweight. In patients with balance impairment, balance correcting steps are often too small, forcing patients to take more than two steps. Taking three or more steps is generally considered to be abnormal, and taking more than five steps is regarded as being clearly abnormal. Markedly affected patients continue to step backward without ever regaining their balance and must be caught by the examiner (this would be called true retropulsion). Even more severely affected patients fail to correct entirely, and fall backward like a pushed toy soldier, without taking any corrective steps. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- Apraxia (HP:0002186): A defect in the understanding of complex motor commands and in the execution of certain learned movements, i.e., deficits in the cognitive components of learned movements. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- Pseudobulbar affect (HP:0002193): Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) is characterized by uncontrolled crying or laughing which may be disproportionate or inappropriate to the social context. Thus, there is a disparity between the patient's emotional expression and his or her emotional experience. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- Action tremor (HP:0002345): A tremor present when the limbs are active, either when outstretched in a certain position or throughout a voluntary movement. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- Sleep disturbance (HP:0002360): An abnormal pattern in the quality, quantity, or characteristics of sleep. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- EMG: myopathic abnormalities (HP:0003458): The presence of abnormal electromyographic patterns indicative of myopathy, such as small-short polyphasic motor unit potentials. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- Autonomic bladder dysfunction (HP:0005341): Abnormal bladder function (increased urge or frequency of urination or urge incontinence) resulting from abnormal functioning of the autonomic nervous system. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- Midline brain calcifications (HP:0007045). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- Progressive gait ataxia (HP:0007240): A type of gait ataxia displaying progression of clinical severity. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- Weakness due to upper motor neuron dysfunction (HP:0010549): Paralysis of voluntary muscles means loss of contraction due to interruption of one or more motor pathways from the brain to the muscle fibers. Although the word paralysis is often used interchangeably to mean either complete or partial loss of muscle strength, it is preferable to use paralysis or plegia for complete or severe loss of muscle strength, and paresis for partial or slight loss. Paralysis due to lesions of the principle motor tracts is related to a lesion in the corticospinal, corticobulbar or brainstem descending (subcorticospinal) neurons. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- Abnormal autonomic nervous system physiology (HP:0012332): A functional abnormality of the autonomic nervous system. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- T2 hypointense basal ganglia (HP:0012753): A darker than expected T2 signal on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the basal ganglia. This term refers to a diffuse hypointensity affecting all of the basal ganglia. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
- Palmomental reflex (HP:0030902): A type of primitive reflex characterized by an involuntary contraction of the mentalis muscle of the chin caused by stimulation of the thenar eminence of the palm. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:97355)
These phenotypes are associated with the disease Caribbean parkinsonism (ORPHA:97355).
The following phenotypes are NOT associated with this disease:
- Lewy bodies (HP:0100315). Evidence: TAS. (ORPHA:97355)