Phenotypes associated with the disease X-linked Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (ORPHA:98863):
- Pectus excavatum (HP:0000767): A defect of the chest wall characterized by a depression of the sternum, giving the chest ("pectus") a caved-in ("excavatum") appearance. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Very frequent (HP:0040281). (ORPHA:98863)
- Diminished deep tendon reflex (HP:0001315): A reduction (hyporeflexia) or complete absence (areflexia) of the involuntary muscle contraction normally elicited by a reflex stimulus, such as tapping a deep tendon. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Very frequent (HP:0040281). (ORPHA:98863)
- Joint stiffness (HP:0001387): Joint stiffness is a perceived sensation of tightness in a joint or joints when attempting to move them after a period of inactivity. Joint stiffness typically subsides over time. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Very frequent (HP:0040281). (ORPHA:98863)
- Myotonia (HP:0002486): An involuntary and painless delay in the relaxation of skeletal muscle following contraction or electrical stimulation. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Very frequent (HP:0040281). (ORPHA:98863)
- Myopathy (HP:0003198): A disorder of muscle unrelated to impairment of innervation or neuromuscular junction. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Very frequent (HP:0040281). (ORPHA:98863)
- Elevated circulating creatine kinase activity (HP:0003236): The activity of creatine kinase in the blood circulation is above the upper limit of normal. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Very frequent (HP:0040281). (ORPHA:98863)
- Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (HP:0006785): Muscular dystrophy affecting the muscles of the limb girdle (the hips and shoulders). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Very frequent (HP:0040281). (ORPHA:98863)
- Short neck (HP:0000470): Diminished length of the neck. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:98863)
- Sprengel anomaly (HP:0000912): A congenital skeletal deformity characterized by the elevation of one scapula (thus, one scapula is located superior to the other). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:98863)
- Gait disturbance (HP:0001288): The term gait disturbance can refer to any disruption of the ability to walk. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:98863)
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HP:0001639): Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is defined by the presence of increased ventricular wall thickness or mass in the absence of loading conditions (hypertension, valve disease) sufficient to cause the observed abnormality. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:98863)
- Hypertriglyceridemia (HP:0002155): An abnormal increase in the level of triglycerides in the blood. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:98863)
- Waddling gait (HP:0002515): Weakness of the hip girdle and upper thigh muscles, for instance in myopathies, leads to an instability of the pelvis on standing and walking. If the muscles extending the hip joint are affected, the posture in that joint becomes flexed and lumbar lordosis increases. The patients usually have difficulties standing up from a sitting position. Due to weakness in the gluteus medius muscle, the hip on the side of the swinging leg drops with each step (referred to as Trendelenburg sign). The gait appears waddling. The patients frequently attempt to counteract the dropping of the hip on the swinging side by bending the trunk towards the side which is in the stance phase (in the German language literature this is referred to as Duchenne sign). Similar gait patterns can be caused by orthopedic conditions when the origin and the insertion site of the gluteus medius muscle are closer to each other than normal, for instance due to a posttraumatic elevation of the trochanter or pseudarthrosis of the femoral neck. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:98863)
- Elevated circulating LDL-C concentration (HP:0003141): The concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the blood circulation is above the upper limit of normal. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:98863)
- Spinal rigidity (HP:0003306): Reduced ability to move the vertebral column with a resulting limitation of neck and trunk flexion. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:98863)
- Back pain (HP:0003418): An unpleasant sensation characterized by physical discomfort (such as pricking, throbbing, or aching) localized to the back. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:98863)
- EMG: myopathic abnormalities (HP:0003458): The presence of abnormal electromyographic patterns indicative of myopathy, such as small-short polyphasic motor unit potentials. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:98863)
- Scapular winging (HP:0003691): Abnormal protrusion of the scapula away from the surface of the back. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:98863)
- Rimmed vacuoles (HP:0003805): Presence of abnormal vacuoles (membrane-bound organelles) in the sarcolemma. On histological staining with hematoxylin and eosin, rimmed vacuoles are popcorn-like clear vacuoles with a densely blue rim. The vacuoles are often associated with cytoplasmic and occasionally intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:98863)
- Decreased cervical spine flexion due to contractures of posterior cervical muscles (HP:0004631). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:98863)
- Proximal upper limb amyotrophy (HP:0008948): Muscular atrophy affecting proximally located muscles of the arms. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:98863)
- Proximal lower limb amyotrophy (HP:0008956): Muscular atrophy affecting proximally located muscles of the legs, i.e., of the thigh. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:98863)
- Proximal lower limb muscle weakness (HP:0008994): A lack of strength of the proximal muscles of the legs. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:98863)
- Proximal upper limb muscle weakness (HP:0008997): A lack of strength of the proximal muscles of the arms. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:98863)
- Type 1 muscle fiber atrophy (HP:0011807): Atrophy (wasting) affecting primary type 1 muscle fibers. This feature in general can only be observed on muscle biopsy. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:98863)
- Tip-toe gait (HP:0030051): An abnormal gait pattern characterized by the failure of the heel to contact the floor at the onset of stance during gait. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:98863)
- Absent muscle fiber emerin (HP:0030117): Immunohistochemistry shows complete lack of emerin protein in the muscle biopsy. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Frequent (HP:0040282). (ORPHA:98863)
- Ptosis (HP:0000508): The upper eyelid margin is positioned 3 mm or more lower than usual and covers the superior portion of the iris (objective); or, the upper lid margin obscures at least part of the pupil (subjective). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:98863)
- Hypotonia (HP:0001252): Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:98863)
- Obesity (HP:0001513): Accumulation of substantial excess body fat. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:98863)
- Atrioventricular block (HP:0001678): Delayed or lack of conduction of atrial depolarizations through the atrioventricular node to the ventricles. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:98863)
- Achilles tendon contracture (HP:0001771): A contracture of the Achilles tendon. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:98863)
- Scoliosis (HP:0002650): The presence of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:98863)
- Kyphosis (HP:0002808): Exaggerated anterior convexity of the thoracic vertebral column. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:98863)
- Elbow flexion contracture (HP:0002987): An elbow contracture that limits the ability of the elbow joint to be extended (straightened), meaning that the elbow is fixed in an flexed (bent) position. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:98863)
- Hyperlordosis (HP:0003307): Abnormally increased curvature (anterior concavity) of the lumbar or cervical spine. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:98863)
- Supraventricular arrhythmia (HP:0005115): A type of arrhythmia that originates above the ventricles, whereby the electrical impulse propagates down the normal His Purkinje system similar to normal sinus rhythm. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:98863)
- Ichthyosis (HP:0008064): An abnormality of the skin characterized the presence of excessive amounts of dry surface scales on the skin resulting from an abnormality of keratinization. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:98863)
- Lipodystrophy (HP:0009125): Degenerative changes of the fat tissue. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Occasional (HP:0040283). (ORPHA:98863)
- Vocal cord paralysis (HP:0001605): A loss of the ability to move the vocal folds. Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Very rare (HP:0040284). (ORPHA:98863)
- Sudden cardiac death (HP:0001645): The heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating resulting in death within a short time period (generally within 1 h of symptom onset). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Very rare (HP:0040284). (ORPHA:98863)
- Respiratory insufficiency due to muscle weakness (HP:0002747). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Very rare (HP:0040284). (ORPHA:98863)
- Ventricular escape rhythm (HP:0005155): A ventricular escape rhythm occurs whenever higher-lever pacemakers in AV junction or sinus node fail to control ventricular activation. Escape rate is usually 20-40 bpm, often associated with broad QRS complexes (at least 120 ms). Evidence: TAS. Frequency: Very rare (HP:0040284). (ORPHA:98863)
Not associated with this disease:
- Intellectual disability (HP:0001249): The term intellectual disability or intellectual developmental disorder is used to describe significantly sub-average intellectual and adaptive functioning based on clinical assessment and as measured by individually administered, appropriately normed, standardized and validated tests of intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, with onset during the developmental period from infancy through adolescence. Evidence: TAS. (ORPHA:98863)